The skeletal system of humans is composed of 206 bones, which in turn are composed of cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts, responsible for the remodeling of bones and their self-regenerative capacity. However, in cases of serious injury or illness, the self-regenerative capacity of the bone is not enough to repair the damage, so clinical methods such as bone grafts or tissue engineering are used. Tissue engineering consists of the combination of a 3D structure or scaffold, living cells and growth factors, which together form a complex that assists the repair of tissue. The biomaterials used for the production of scaffolding have as their main characteristic their biocompatibility, and are classified into natural and synthetic, according to their origin. Among the natural biomaterials, some of the most studied are those of marine origin, from organisms such as sponges, corals, urchins, bivalve mollusks and fish. Recently, a group of researchers from Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, developed a hybrid biomaterial from aquaculture waste, its production being one of the first sustainable processes in tissue engineering for bone regeneration.
References
Ansari, M. (2019). Bone tissue regeneration: biology, strategies and interface studies. Progress in Biomaterials, 8(4), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-019-00125-z
Ben-Nissan, B. (2014). Biomimetics and marine materials in drug delivery and tissue engineering: From natural role models to bone regeneration. Key Engineering Materials, 587, 229–232. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.587.229
Ben-Nissan, B., Choi, A. H., & Green, D. W. (2019). Marine Derived Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering: Learning from Nature. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8855-2_3
Bermueller, C., Schwarz, S., Elsaesser, A. F., Sewing, J., Baur, N., Von Bomhard, A., Scheithauer, M., Notbohm, H., & Rotter, N. (2013). Marine collagen scaffolds for nasal cartilage repair: Prevention of nasal septal perforations in a new orthotopic rat model using tissue engineering techniques. Tissue Engineering - Part A, 19(19–20), 2201–2214. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0650
Clarke, B. (2008). Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 3 Suppl 3, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04151206
Henkel, J., Woodruff, M. A., Epari, D. R., Steck, R., Glatt, V., DIckinson, I. C., Choong, P. F. M., Schuetz, M. A., & Hutmacher, Di. W. (2013). Bone Regeneration Based on Tissue Engineering Conceptions-A 21st Century Perspective. Bone Research, 1, 216–248. https://doi.org/10.4248/BR201303002
Lalzawmliana, V., Anand, A., Mukherjee, P., Chaudhuri, S., Kundu, B., Nandi, S. K., & Thakur, N. L. (2019). Marine organisms as a source of natural matrix for bone tissue engineering. Ceramics International, 45(2), 1469–1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.108
Le, B. Q., Nurcombe, V., Cool, S. M. K., van Blitterswijk, C. A., de Boer, J., & LaPointe, V. L. S. (2017). The Components of bone and what they can teach us about regeneration. Materials, 11(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010014
Lee, J. S., Baek, S. D., Venkatesan, J., Bhatnagar, I., Chang, H. K., Kim, H. T., & Kim, S. K. (2014). In vivo study of chitosan-natural nano hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 67, 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.053
Oryan, A., Alidadi, S., Moshiri, A., & Maffulli, N. (2014). Bone regenerative medicine: Classic options, novel strategies, and future directions. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 9(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-9-18
Parisi, J. R., Fernandes, K. R., Avanzi, I. R., Dorileo, B. P., Santana, A. F., Andrade, A. L., Gabbai-Armelin, P. R., Fortulan, C. A., Trichês, E. S., Granito, R. N., & Renno, A. C. M. (2019). Incorporation of Collagen from Marine Sponges (Spongin) into Hydroxyapatite Samples: Characterization and In Vitro Biological Evaluation. Marine Biotechnology, 21(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-018-9855-z
Raftery, R. M., Woods, B., Marques, A. L. P., Moreira-Silva, J., Silva, T. H., Cryan, S. A., Reis, R. L., & O’Brien, F. J. (2016). Multifunctional biomaterials from the sea: Assessing the effects of chitosan incorporation into collagen scaffolds on mechanical and biological functionality. Acta Biomaterialia, 43, 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.009
Redenski, I., Guo, S., Machour, M., Szklanny, A., Landau, S., Kaplan, B., Lock, R. I., Gabet, Y., Egozi, D., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., & Levenberg, S. (2021). Engineered Vascularized Flaps, Composed of Polymeric Soft Tissue and Live Bone, Repair Complex Tibial Defects. Advanced Functional Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008687
Uskoković, V., Janković-Častvan, I., & Wu, V. M. (2019). Bone Mineral Crystallinity Governs the Orchestration of Ossification and Resorption during Bone Remodeling. ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering, 5(7), 3483–3498. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00255
Wang, J. K., Çimenoğlu, Ç., Cheam, N. M. J., Hu, X., & Tay, C. Y. (2021). Sustainable aquaculture side-streams derived hybrid biocomposite for bone tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering C, 126, 112104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112104
Zhang, A. Y., Bates, S. J., Morrow, E., Pham, H., Pham, B., & Chang, J. (2009). Tissue-engineered intrasynovial tendons: Optimization of acellularization and seeding. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 46(4), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2008.07.0086
Zou, Z., Wang, L., Zhou, Z., Sun, Q., Liu, D., Chen, Y., Hu, H., Cai, Y., Lin, S., Yu, Z., Tan, B., Guo, W., Ling, Z., & Zou, X. (2021). Simultaneous incorporation of PTH(1–34) and nano-hydroxyapatite into Chitosan/Alginate Hydrogels for efficient bone regeneration. Bioactive Materials, 6(6), 1839–1851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.021