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The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) defines diabetes mellitus, better known simply as “diabetes,” as a chronic condition that occurs when elevated blood glucose levels occur due to lack of insulin or the inability to respond to it. In this second part, the treatment of type 1 diabetes will be described, reporting on insulin therapy, and recent alternatives for its treatment will be presented. It will dwell on vanadium chemistry and its implications as an auxiliary potential in the treatment of DT1. The importance of animal models is also described, and in particular the use of aloxane for the generation of an effective model of DT1 in rats is described, which allows the study of new vanadium compounds with insulin-enhancing activity that are showing promise for DT1 treatment.