Superbacterias: Sin escape hacia el futuro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32399/icuap.rdic.2448-5829.2023.25.1050Palabras clave:
Infecciones, Superbacterias, ResistenciaResumen
Las infecciones intrahospitalarias ahora conocidas como Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud (IAAS) han sido causadas por diferentes microorganismos durante la historia de la salud humana, actualmente los agentes causales de IAAS que cobran mayor atención, son las bacterias del grupo ESKAPE (nombre reconocido a nivel internacional y conformado por la primera letra de cada patógeno: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacter sp) debido a que son resistentes a uno o varios antibióticos se les conoce como superbacterias. La resistencia antimicrobiana es uno de los principales problemas que afecta a la humanidad en pleno siglo XXI y los tratamientos cada vez se vuelven obsoletos ante estas superbacterias. Ante esta situación, la salud pública a nivel mundial corre un riesgo potencial en el futuro, por adquirir infecciones difíciles de curar, por lo que, incrementarían las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como los costos por atención médica.
Citas
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Davies, J., & Davies, D. (2010). Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
Davin-Regli, A., & Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; Versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 6, Issue MAY). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
de Oliveira, D. M. P., Forde, B. M., Kidd, T. J., Harris, P. N. A., Schembri, M. A., Beatson, S. A., Paterson, D. L., & Walker, M. J. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00181-19
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Lamas Ferreiro, J. L., Álvarez Otero, J., González González, L., Novoa Lamazares, L., Arca Blanco, A., Bermúdez Sanjurjo, J. R., Rodríguez Conde, I., Fernández Soneira, M., & de La Fuente Aguado, J. (2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients: Mortality and prognostic factors. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178178
Lemiech-Mirowska, E., Kiersnowska, Z. M., Michałkiewicz, M., Depta, A., & Marczak, M. (2021).
Nosocomial infections as one of the most importantproblems of the healthcare system. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 28(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/122629
Lin YC, Chen T L, Ju H L, Chen H S, Wang F D, Yu K W, & Liu C Y. (2006). Clinical characteristics and risk factors for attributable mortality in Enterobacter cloacae bacteremia. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 39(1), 67–72. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16440126
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N/A. (n.d.). Acinetobacter baumannii. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acinetobacter_baumannii.JPG
Nodarse Hernández, R. (2002). VISIÓN ACTUALIZADA DE LAS INFECCIONES INTRAHOSPITALARIAS. Rev Cubana Med Milit, 31(3), 201–209. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0138-65572002000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
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O’Driscoll, T., & Crank, C. W. (2015). Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management. Infection and Drug Resistance, 8, 217–230. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S54125
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Pang, Z., Raudonis, R., Glick, B. R., Lin, T. J., & Cheng, Z. (2019). Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology Advances, 37(1), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., & Falagas, M. E. (2008). Insights into infectious disease in the era of Hippocrates. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12(4), 347–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2007.11.003
Pendleton, J. N., Gorman, S. P., & Gilmore, B. F. (2013). Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 11(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.12
Poirel, L., Revathi, G., Bernabeu, S., & Nordmann, P. (2011). Detection of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Kenya. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55(2), 934–936. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01247-10
Pujol, M., & Limón, E. (2013). Epidemiología general de las infecciones nosocomiales. Sistemas y programas de vigilancia. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica, 31(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2013.01.001
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Selwyn, S. (1991). Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. Journal of Hospital Infection, 18, 5–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(91)90004-R
Smith, C. A., & Baker, E. N. (2002). Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance by Enzymatic Deactivation. Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders, 2, 143–160. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005023342533
Thom, R. (1961). Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis ensuring doctors and medical students wash their hands before examining obstetric patients at Vienna General Hospital, Austria, 1847 (colour litho). Bridgeman Images. https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en-US/thom/hungarian-physician-ignaz-semmelweis-ensuring-doctors-and-medical-students-wash-their-hands-before/colour-lithograph/asset/5999040
van Hal, S. J., Jensen, S. O., Vaska, V. L., Espedido, B. A., Paterson, D. L., & Gosbell, I. B. (2012). Predictors of mortality in staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. In Clinical Microbiology Reviews (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 362–386). https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05022-11
Viale, P., Giannella, M., Tedeschi, S., & Lewis, R. (2015). Treatment of MDR-Gram negative infections in the 21st century: a never ending threat for clinicians. In Current Opinion in Pharmacology (Vol. 24, pp. 30–37). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2015.07.001
Wang H J, Shi H, Zhou W, Hu Z Q, Mu L Y, Su M, & Jiang Y M. (2012). Common pathogens and clinical characteristics of neonatal pneumonia. Chin J Contemp Pediatr, 14(12), 898–902. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23234773/
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Arzanlou, M., Chai, W. C., & Venter, H. (2017). Intrinsic, adaptive and acquired antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Essays in Biochemistry, 61(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160063
Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin, A., & Kannan S. (2012). Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16(8), 1039–1044. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kannan-Subbaram-2/publication/332547513_Update_on_bacterial_nosocomial_infections/links/6214a3aa08bee946f395b0bb/Update-on-bacterial-nosocomial-infections.pdf
Cook GC, & Webb AJ. (2002). Reactions from the medical and nursing professions to Nightingale’s “reform(s)” of nurse training in the late 19th century. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 78(916), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.916.118
Davies, J., & Davies, D. (2010). Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
Davin-Regli, A., & Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; Versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 6, Issue MAY). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
de Oliveira, D. M. P., Forde, B. M., Kidd, T. J., Harris, P. N. A., Schembri, M. A., Beatson, S. A., Paterson, D. L., & Walker, M. J. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00181-19
Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, McGarry SA, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, Lamm W, Clark C, MacFarquhar J, Walton AL, Reller LB, & Sexton DJ. (2002). Health Care–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adults: A Reason To Change the Accepted Definition of Community-Acquired Infections. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(10), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007
Gellatly, S. L., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2013). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: New insights into pathogenesis and host defenses. Pathogens and Disease, 67(3), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/2049-632X.12033
Giammanco A, Calà C, Fasciana T, & Dowzicky M J. (2017). Global Assessment of the Activity of Tigecycline against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens between 2004 and 2014 as Part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. MSphere, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00310-16
Haley R W., Culver D H., White J W., Morgan W M, Emori T G, Munn V P, & Hooton T M. (1985). The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121(2), 182–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113990
Haney-Carr J. (n.d.). Entercoccus. PHL of CDC. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from https://phil.cdc.gov/default.aspx
Haney-Carr J, & Arduino M J. (n.d.). Staphylococcus aureus. DRPH, USCDCP. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from https://pixnio.com/es/ciencia/imagenes-microscopia/staphylococcus-aureus-es/staphylococcus-aureus-bacterias#img_info
Hauck, C., Cober, E., Richter, S. S., Perez, F., Salata, R. A., Kalayjian, R. C., Watkins, R. R., Scalera, N. M., Doi, Y., Kaye, K. S., Evans, S., Fowler, V. G., Bonomo, R. A., & van Duin, D. (2016). Spectrum of excess mortality due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(6), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.023
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla. (2020, May 5). PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. ANÁLISIS DE LA VIRULENCIA DE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. https://www.idival.org/es/NOTICIAS/ID/2320/Analisis-de-la-virulencia-de-Pseudomonas-aeruginosa
Klevens M, Edwards J R, Richards Jr C L, Horan T C, Gaynes R P, Pollock D A, & Cardo D M. (2007). Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002. Public Health Reports, 122(2), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200205
Kojima, S., & Nikaido, H. (2013). Permeation rates of penicillins indicate that Escherichia coli porins function principally as nonspecific channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(28). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310333110
Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G. (2006). How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. In BMC Infectious Diseases (Vol. 6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
Lamas Ferreiro, J. L., Álvarez Otero, J., González González, L., Novoa Lamazares, L., Arca Blanco, A., Bermúdez Sanjurjo, J. R., Rodríguez Conde, I., Fernández Soneira, M., & de La Fuente Aguado, J. (2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients: Mortality and prognostic factors. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178178
Lemiech-Mirowska, E., Kiersnowska, Z. M., Michałkiewicz, M., Depta, A., & Marczak, M. (2021).
Nosocomial infections as one of the most importantproblems of the healthcare system. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 28(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/122629
Lin YC, Chen T L, Ju H L, Chen H S, Wang F D, Yu K W, & Liu C Y. (2006). Clinical characteristics and risk factors for attributable mortality in Enterobacter cloacae bacteremia. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 39(1), 67–72. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16440126
Miranda, M., & Navarrete, L. (2008). Semmelweis y su aporte científico a la medicina: Un lavado de manos salva vidas. Revista Chilena de Infectología, 25(1), 54–57. www.sochinf.cl
N/A. (n.d.). Acinetobacter baumannii. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acinetobacter_baumannii.JPG
Nodarse Hernández, R. (2002). VISIÓN ACTUALIZADA DE LAS INFECCIONES INTRAHOSPITALARIAS. Rev Cubana Med Milit, 31(3), 201–209. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0138-65572002000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
O´Neil, J. (2016). Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Review on antimicrobial resistance. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
O’Driscoll, T., & Crank, C. W. (2015). Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management. Infection and Drug Resistance, 8, 217–230. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S54125
Organización Mundial de la Salud, Jasarevic T, & Garwood P. (2017, September 18). Organización Mundial de la Salud (sitio web mundial). La OMS Publica Una Nueva Edición Del Informe Sobre El Seguimiento de Los Progresos En Relación Con Las Enfermedades No Transmisibles. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/18-09-2017-who-launches-new-ncds-progress-monitor
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2010). Vigilancia epidemiológica de las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud.
Pang, Z., Raudonis, R., Glick, B. R., Lin, T. J., & Cheng, Z. (2019). Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology Advances, 37(1), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., & Falagas, M. E. (2008). Insights into infectious disease in the era of Hippocrates. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12(4), 347–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2007.11.003
Pendleton, J. N., Gorman, S. P., & Gilmore, B. F. (2013). Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 11(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.12
Poirel, L., Revathi, G., Bernabeu, S., & Nordmann, P. (2011). Detection of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Kenya. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55(2), 934–936. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01247-10
Pujol, M., & Limón, E. (2013). Epidemiología general de las infecciones nosocomiales. Sistemas y programas de vigilancia. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica, 31(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2013.01.001
Science History Images. (n.d.). Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Retrieved August 6, 2022, from https://www.alamy.es/foto-mdr-patogeno-klebsiella-pneumoniae-sem-135022403.html?imageid=D725AD3B-E827-4DE3-97A7-3F12EA0CA529&p=52089&pn=1&searchId=437d870a2806a15213f29202f8c91422&searchtype=0
Secretaria de Salud. (2009). NOM-045-SSA2-2005, Para la vigilancia epidemiológica, prevención y control de las infecciones nosocomiales. https://www.pediatria.gob.mx/archivos/burbuja/13.1_NOM-045-SSA2-2005.pdf
Selwyn, S. (1991). Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. Journal of Hospital Infection, 18, 5–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(91)90004-R
Smith, C. A., & Baker, E. N. (2002). Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance by Enzymatic Deactivation. Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders, 2, 143–160. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005023342533
Thom, R. (1961). Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis ensuring doctors and medical students wash their hands before examining obstetric patients at Vienna General Hospital, Austria, 1847 (colour litho). Bridgeman Images. https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en-US/thom/hungarian-physician-ignaz-semmelweis-ensuring-doctors-and-medical-students-wash-their-hands-before/colour-lithograph/asset/5999040
van Hal, S. J., Jensen, S. O., Vaska, V. L., Espedido, B. A., Paterson, D. L., & Gosbell, I. B. (2012). Predictors of mortality in staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. In Clinical Microbiology Reviews (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 362–386). https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05022-11
Viale, P., Giannella, M., Tedeschi, S., & Lewis, R. (2015). Treatment of MDR-Gram negative infections in the 21st century: a never ending threat for clinicians. In Current Opinion in Pharmacology (Vol. 24, pp. 30–37). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2015.07.001
Wang H J, Shi H, Zhou W, Hu Z Q, Mu L Y, Su M, & Jiang Y M. (2012). Common pathogens and clinical characteristics of neonatal pneumonia. Chin J Contemp Pediatr, 14(12), 898–902. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23234773/
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2023-03-02
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Ahuatzin-Flores, O. E., Morales Castillo, J. ., & Chávez-Bravo, E. (2023). Superbacterias: Sin escape hacia el futuro. RD-ICUAP, 9(25), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.32399/icuap.rdic.2448-5829.2023.25.1050
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