Developmental and cognitive aspects of social reasoning and dual theories of information processing
Keywords:
Heuristics, Social Reasoning, Stereotypes, Analytical Reasoning
Abstract
The objective of this study has been to analyze the developmental changes that occur in both logical and heuristic reasoning. First, the main ideas of the dual theories on information processing are described. Secondly, a review of the studies that from this perspective have addressed the developmental issues is made. Third, a taxonomy of common biases is presented. Finally, based on the results obtained in our research (Palacios & Olalde, 2010), we extracted several conclusions as recommendation to continue with the study of the developmental changes in the analytical and heuristic system and its relation with the formation of social stereotypes.
References
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Bernard, S., Clément, F., & Mercier, H. (2016). Wishful thinking in preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 267-274.
Bialek, M., & De Neys, W. (2017). Dual processes and moral conflict: Evidence for deontological reasoners’ intuitive utilitarian sensitivity. Judgment and Decision Making, 12(2), 148.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children’s thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. London: SAGE Publications.
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Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2015). Fuzzy-trace theory and lifespan cognitive development. Developmental Review, 38, 89-121.
Broniatowski, D. A., & Reyna, V. F. (2017). A formal model of fuzzy-trace theory: Variations on framing effects and the allais paradox. Decision. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dec0000083
Collins, M. E., & Loughran, T. A. (2017). Rational Choice Theory, Heuristics, and Biases. The Oxford Handbook of Offender Decision Making, 6, 10.
Corbin, J. C., Reyna, V. F., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2015). How reasoning, judgment, and decision making are colored by gist-based intuition: A fuzzy-trace theory approach. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(4), 344-355.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31(3), 187-276.
Croskerry, P. (2017). Diagnosis: Interpreting the Shadows. Boca Raton: Taylor& Francis.
de Bruin, W. B., & Parker, A. M. (2016). Individual differences in judgement and decision-making (pp. 137-156). London: Psychology Press.
De Neys, W. (2017). Dual process theory 2.0. London: Routledge.
Diederich, A., & Trueblood, J. S. (2018). A dynamic dual process model of risky decision making. Psychological Review, 125(2), 270.
Evans, J. S. B. (2017). Dual-process theories. International handbook of thinking and reasoning. London: Routledge.
Fisk, J. E., Bury, A. S., & Holden, R. (2006). Reasoning about complex probabilistic in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 497–504.
Frey, D., Johnson, E. D., & De Neys, W. (2017). Individual differences in conflict detection during reasoning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 1-52.
Geurten, M., Meulemans, T., & Willems, S. (2018). A closer look at children’s metacognitive skills: The case of the distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 172, 130-148.
Hallsson, B. G., Siebner, H. R., & Hulme, O. J. (2018). Fairness, fast and slow: A review of dual process models of fairness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, (89), 49-60.
Handley, S. J., & Trippas, D. (2017). The parallel processing model of belief bias: Review and extensions. En W. De Neys (Ed). Dual process theory 2.0 (pp. 36-54) London: Routledge.
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Jacobs, J. E., & Klaczynski, P. A. (2006). The development of judgment and decision making in children and adolescents London: Psychology Press.
Jessop, A. (2018). The Selection Task. In Let the Evidence Speak (pp. 207-222). Springer, Cham.
Klaczynski, P. A. (2014). Heuristics and biases: Interactions among numeracy, ability, and reflectiveness predict normative responding. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 665.
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002). Heuristic and analytic processing: Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83(1), 26-52.
Mandelbaum, E. (2016). Attitude, inference, association: On the propositional structure of implicit bias. Noús, 50(3), 629-658.
Mody, S., & Carey, S. (2016). The emergence of reasoning by the disjunctive syllogism in early childhood. Cognition, 154, 40-48.
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Nisbett, R. E. (2015). Mindware: Tools for smart thinking London: Macmillan.
Palacios, S., & Olalde, B. (2010). Heuristic reasoning and beliefs on immigration: An approach to an intercultural education programme. Intercultural Education, 21(4), 351-364.
Pennycook, G. (2017). A perspective on the theoretical foundation of dual-process models. Dual Process Theory, 2, 34.
Perez, A., Spence, J. S., Kiel, D., Venza, E. E., & Chapman, S. B. (2018). Influential cognitive processes on framing biases in aging. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 661.
Pohl, J. G. (2017). Intuition: Role, biases, cognitive basis, and a hypothetical synergistic explanation of intuitive brain operations. Proceedings of InterSymp-2017: Baden-Baden, Germany, July 31, 2017.
Reyna, V. F., Corbin, J. C., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2016). How fuzzy-trace theory predicts true and false memories for words, sentences, and narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5(1), 1-9.
Saenen, L., Heyvaert, M., Van Dooren, W., Schaeken, W., & Onghena, P. (2018). Why Humans Fail in Solving the Monty Hall Dilemma: A Systematic Review. Psychologica Belgica, 58 (1), 128–158. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.274
Shulman, E. P., Smith, A. R., Silva, K., Icenogle, G., Duell, N., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 103-117.
Sloman, S. (2014). Two systems of reasoning: An update. In J. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories of the social mind (pp. 69–79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sotirovic, M. (2015). Heuristic Information-Processing. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008). The development of rational thought: A taxonomy of heuristics and biases. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 36, 251-285.
Stanovich, K. E. (2018a). Miserliness in human cognition: The interaction of detection, override and mindware. Thinking & Reasoning, 22, 1-22.
Stanovich, K. E. (2018b). Rationality and type 1 processing. American Journal of Psychology, 131(2), 231-237.
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2014). Rationality, intelligence, and the defining features of Type I and Type 2 processing. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories of the Social Mind (pp. 80–91). New York: Guilford Press.
Stark, E., Baldwin, A. S., Hertel, A. W., & Rothman, A. J. (2017). Understanding the framing effect: Do affective responses to decision options mediate the influence of frame on choice? Journal of Risk Research, 20(12), 1585-1597.
Strough, J., Parker, A. M., & de Bruin, W. B. (2015). Understanding life-span developmental changes in decision-making competence. En T. Hess, J. Strough, and C. Löckenhoff (Eds). Aging and decision making: Empirical and Applied Perspectives (pp. 235-257) Elsevier.
Swan, A. B., Calvillo, D. P., & Revlin, R. (2018). To detect or not to detect: A replication and extension of the three-stage model. Acta Psychologica, 187, 54-65.
Szaszi, B., Palfi, B., Szollosi, A., Kieslich, P. J., & Aczel, B. (2018). Thinking dynamics and individual differences: Mouse-tracking analysis of the denominator neglect task. Judgment and Decision Making, 13(1), 23.
Teovanović, P., Knežević, G., & Stankov, L. (2015). Individual differences in cognitive biases: Evidence against one-factor theory of rationality. Intelligence, 50, 75-86.
Thompson, V. A., & Johnson, S. C. (2014). Conflict, metacognition, and analytic thinking. Thinking & Reasoning, 20(2), 215-244.
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014). Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions. Developmental Psychology, 50(4), 1037.
Trippas, D., Thompson, V. A., & Handley, S. J. (2017). When fast logic meets slow belief: Evidence for a parallel-processing model of belief bias. Memory & Cognition, 45(4), 539-552.
Bernard, S., Clément, F., & Mercier, H. (2016). Wishful thinking in preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 267-274.
Bialek, M., & De Neys, W. (2017). Dual processes and moral conflict: Evidence for deontological reasoners’ intuitive utilitarian sensitivity. Judgment and Decision Making, 12(2), 148.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Causey, K. B. (2017). Children’s thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. London: SAGE Publications.
Bless, H., & Greifeneder, R. (2017). Using information: Judgmental shortcuts 1. En R. Greifeneder, H. Bless & K. Fiedler (Eds.) Social cognition (pp. 105-125) London: Psychology Press.
Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2015). Fuzzy-trace theory and lifespan cognitive development. Developmental Review, 38, 89-121.
Broniatowski, D. A., & Reyna, V. F. (2017). A formal model of fuzzy-trace theory: Variations on framing effects and the allais paradox. Decision. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dec0000083
Collins, M. E., & Loughran, T. A. (2017). Rational Choice Theory, Heuristics, and Biases. The Oxford Handbook of Offender Decision Making, 6, 10.
Corbin, J. C., Reyna, V. F., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2015). How reasoning, judgment, and decision making are colored by gist-based intuition: A fuzzy-trace theory approach. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(4), 344-355.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31(3), 187-276.
Croskerry, P. (2017). Diagnosis: Interpreting the Shadows. Boca Raton: Taylor& Francis.
de Bruin, W. B., & Parker, A. M. (2016). Individual differences in judgement and decision-making (pp. 137-156). London: Psychology Press.
De Neys, W. (2017). Dual process theory 2.0. London: Routledge.
Diederich, A., & Trueblood, J. S. (2018). A dynamic dual process model of risky decision making. Psychological Review, 125(2), 270.
Evans, J. S. B. (2017). Dual-process theories. International handbook of thinking and reasoning. London: Routledge.
Fisk, J. E., Bury, A. S., & Holden, R. (2006). Reasoning about complex probabilistic in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 497–504.
Frey, D., Johnson, E. D., & De Neys, W. (2017). Individual differences in conflict detection during reasoning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 1-52.
Geurten, M., Meulemans, T., & Willems, S. (2018). A closer look at children’s metacognitive skills: The case of the distinctiveness heuristic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 172, 130-148.
Hallsson, B. G., Siebner, H. R., & Hulme, O. J. (2018). Fairness, fast and slow: A review of dual process models of fairness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, (89), 49-60.
Handley, S. J., & Trippas, D. (2017). The parallel processing model of belief bias: Review and extensions. En W. De Neys (Ed). Dual process theory 2.0 (pp. 36-54) London: Routledge.
Helm, R. K., Garavito, D. M., Rahimi-Golkhandan, S., & Reyna, V. F. (2017). The fuzzytrace dual process model. En W. De Neys (Ed). Dual process theory 2.0 (pp. 90- 107) Routledge.
Jacobs, J. E., & Klaczynski, P. A. (2006). The development of judgment and decision making in children and adolescents London: Psychology Press.
Jessop, A. (2018). The Selection Task. In Let the Evidence Speak (pp. 207-222). Springer, Cham.
Klaczynski, P. A. (2014). Heuristics and biases: Interactions among numeracy, ability, and reflectiveness predict normative responding. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 665.
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002). Heuristic and analytic processing: Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83(1), 26-52.
Mandelbaum, E. (2016). Attitude, inference, association: On the propositional structure of implicit bias. Noús, 50(3), 629-658.
Mody, S., & Carey, S. (2016). The emergence of reasoning by the disjunctive syllogism in early childhood. Cognition, 154, 40-48.
Morsanyi, K., Chiesi, F., Primi, C., & Szűcs, D. (2017). The illusion of replacement in research into the development of thinking biases: The case of the conjunction fallacy. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29(2), 240-257.
Mosleh, M., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Population Structure Promotes the Evolution of Intuitive Cooperation and Inhibits Deliberation. Scientific reports, 8(1), 6293.
Nisbett, R. E. (2015). Mindware: Tools for smart thinking London: Macmillan.
Palacios, S., & Olalde, B. (2010). Heuristic reasoning and beliefs on immigration: An approach to an intercultural education programme. Intercultural Education, 21(4), 351-364.
Pennycook, G. (2017). A perspective on the theoretical foundation of dual-process models. Dual Process Theory, 2, 34.
Perez, A., Spence, J. S., Kiel, D., Venza, E. E., & Chapman, S. B. (2018). Influential cognitive processes on framing biases in aging. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 661.
Pohl, J. G. (2017). Intuition: Role, biases, cognitive basis, and a hypothetical synergistic explanation of intuitive brain operations. Proceedings of InterSymp-2017: Baden-Baden, Germany, July 31, 2017.
Reyna, V. F., Corbin, J. C., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2016). How fuzzy-trace theory predicts true and false memories for words, sentences, and narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5(1), 1-9.
Saenen, L., Heyvaert, M., Van Dooren, W., Schaeken, W., & Onghena, P. (2018). Why Humans Fail in Solving the Monty Hall Dilemma: A Systematic Review. Psychologica Belgica, 58 (1), 128–158. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.274
Shulman, E. P., Smith, A. R., Silva, K., Icenogle, G., Duell, N., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 103-117.
Sloman, S. (2014). Two systems of reasoning: An update. In J. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories of the social mind (pp. 69–79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sotirovic, M. (2015). Heuristic Information-Processing. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008). The development of rational thought: A taxonomy of heuristics and biases. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 36, 251-285.
Stanovich, K. E. (2018a). Miserliness in human cognition: The interaction of detection, override and mindware. Thinking & Reasoning, 22, 1-22.
Stanovich, K. E. (2018b). Rationality and type 1 processing. American Journal of Psychology, 131(2), 231-237.
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2014). Rationality, intelligence, and the defining features of Type I and Type 2 processing. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories of the Social Mind (pp. 80–91). New York: Guilford Press.
Stark, E., Baldwin, A. S., Hertel, A. W., & Rothman, A. J. (2017). Understanding the framing effect: Do affective responses to decision options mediate the influence of frame on choice? Journal of Risk Research, 20(12), 1585-1597.
Strough, J., Parker, A. M., & de Bruin, W. B. (2015). Understanding life-span developmental changes in decision-making competence. En T. Hess, J. Strough, and C. Löckenhoff (Eds). Aging and decision making: Empirical and Applied Perspectives (pp. 235-257) Elsevier.
Swan, A. B., Calvillo, D. P., & Revlin, R. (2018). To detect or not to detect: A replication and extension of the three-stage model. Acta Psychologica, 187, 54-65.
Szaszi, B., Palfi, B., Szollosi, A., Kieslich, P. J., & Aczel, B. (2018). Thinking dynamics and individual differences: Mouse-tracking analysis of the denominator neglect task. Judgment and Decision Making, 13(1), 23.
Teovanović, P., Knežević, G., & Stankov, L. (2015). Individual differences in cognitive biases: Evidence against one-factor theory of rationality. Intelligence, 50, 75-86.
Thompson, V. A., & Johnson, S. C. (2014). Conflict, metacognition, and analytic thinking. Thinking & Reasoning, 20(2), 215-244.
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014). Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions. Developmental Psychology, 50(4), 1037.
Trippas, D., Thompson, V. A., & Handley, S. J. (2017). When fast logic meets slow belief: Evidence for a parallel-processing model of belief bias. Memory & Cognition, 45(4), 539-552.
Published
2017-07-31
How to Cite
Santiago Palacios Navarro, & Blanca Rosa Olalde López De Arechavaleta. (2017). Developmental and cognitive aspects of social reasoning and dual theories of information processing . Graffylia, Revista De La Facultad De Filosofía Y Letras, 2(3), 83-95. Retrieved from http://rd.buap.mx/ojs-dm/index.php/graffylia/article/view/195
Section
Study*
